Indian
national congress (1885): - Indian political party was found in 1885 by A.O Hume. Its
founding members proposed economic reforms and wanted a larger role in the
making of British policy for India. By 1907, however, the congress had split in
to moderate group led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale,
who sought dominion status for India, and a militant section under Bal Gangadhara Tilak,
who demanded self-rule. In 1920 the congress began a campaign of passive
resistance, led by Mohandas Karamchand
Gandhi, against restrictions on the press and political activities.
Partition
of Bengal (1905): - Partition of Bengal was led by the viceroy of India Lord Curzon,
through a royal proclamation. The partition of Bengal took place on October 16,
1905. That partition reduced the old province of Bengal in size by creating
East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal and separated the largely Muslim
Eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas. The purpose was to
set up a communal gulf between Hindu and Muslims.
Swadeshi
movement (1905): - The Swadeshi movement was under taken by the Indian
nationalist leaders to remove the British from power and improve India’s
economic conditions. The movement involved boycotting British products and using
domestic products and production processes instead. The movement was strongest
in Bengal and was also called Bande Matram Movement.
The swadeshi movement began with the partition of Bengal by the
viceroy of India Lord Curzon in 1905,
and the chief architects of the movement were Aurobindo Ghosh, Bal
Gangadhara tilak, Bipin Chandra pal, Lala Lajpat rai, V.O Chidambaram Pillai
and Babu genu
Muslim
League (1906): - Maulana
Abul kalam Azad In December 1906 “All India Muslim league” was set up
under the leadership of Aga khan, Nawab Salim
Ullah khan of Dacca and nawab
Mohsin-ul Mulk at Dacca.
The league supported the partition of Bengal and opposed the Swadeshi
movement and demanded the special safeguard for its community and separate
electorate of Muslims.
Morley-Minto
Reforms (1909): - The Indian councils Act or Morley Minto reforms were
passed by British parliament in 1909. This was an attempt to widen the scope of
legislative councils, placate (to satisfy) the demands of moderates in Indian National
Congress and to increase the participation of Indians the governance. This act got royal assent on 25 May 1909.
Lucknow
Pact (1916): - December 1916, agreement made by the Indian National
Congress headed by Maratha leader ball Ganga Dhar Tilak and the All-India
Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah; it was adopted by the
congress at its Lucknow session. Through the pact, the two
parties agreed to allowed overrepresentation to religious minorities in the
provincial legislature. The Muslim league leaders agreed to join the congress
movement demanding Indian autonomy.
Home
Rule Movement (1916-1920): - The Home Rule Movement was the Indian response to the First World War in a more
effective way than the response of Indians living abroad which took the form of
the Gadar adventure. The movement for independence under the leadership of Annie Besant
was all over India, whereas Bal Gangadhar Tilak participation was
limited to western India only. In 1920 All India home rule league changed its name
to Saranya Sabha.
The
Gandhian Era (1917-1947):- Indian National Movement
had the third and final phase of nationalist movement known as the Gandhian
era. During this period Mahatma Gandhi became undisputed leader of national
movement. His principles of Nonviolence and Satyagraha were employed against
the British government.
The
Rowlett Act (1919):- The Rowlett act, which was
intended to crush subversive movements, provided for stricter control of the
press, arrests without warrant, indefinite detention without trial. The act
moreover denied the accused the right to know who his accusers were or to
challenge the evidence on which he was being tried, and required ex-political
offenders to deposit securities and forbade them from taking part in any political,
educational, or religious activities.
Jallianwala
Bagh Massacre (1919):- Jallianwala Bagh massacre also known as Amritsar
massacre, took place on April 13 1919 when troops of the British Indian army
under the command of colonel Reginald Dyer fired
brutally at Indian Crowd, who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh Punjab.
The civilian assembled to condemn the arrest and deportation of two national
leaders, Satya pal and Saifuddin
kitchlew.
Non-Cooperation
Movement (1920):- The non-cooperation movement was significant phase of the Indian Independence
Movement from British rule. It was led by Mohandas
Karamchand Gandhi after the Jallianwala Bagh. It aimed to resist
British rule in India through non-violent means or “Ahinsa”.
Protesters would refuse to buy British goods, adopt the use of
local handicrafts and picket liquor shops.
The idea of “Ahinsa” nonviolence,
and Gandhi’s ability to rally hundreds of thousands of common citizens towards
the cause of Indian independence, were first seen on a large scale this
movement through the summer of 1920.
Khilafat
Movement (1920):- The Khilafat movement was organized by the Ali brothers –
Mohammed Ali and Shaukat in protest against the humiliating sanction
placed on the caliph (Khalifa) and Ottomoan
Empire after the First World War by the treaty of severs. The Khilafat
leaders put pressure upon the British government to give better treatment to
turkey. They were the first one to join Gandhi’s Non- Cooperation Movement,
earlier than the Indian National Congress.
Chauri
Chaura incident (1922):- The Chauri Chaura incident, which took place on
February 5, 1922, in the Gorakhpur district of British India, is considered as
one of the most prominent incidents of pre-independent India. During the
non-cooperation movement, a group of protestors clashed with police and as
result of this, policemen opened fired on the protestors. Provoked by this
shooting incident, the demonstrators burnt down a police station, killing all
its occupants. Resulting in the death of 22 or 23 policemen and three
civilians, the incident also turned many against Mahatma
Gandhi as he called off the Non-Cooperation Movement after the incident though
a part of India’s freedom struggle, the incident is considered by many as
tragic.
Swaraj
Party (1923):- India political party was established in late 1922-
early 1923 by members of the
Indian national congress party notably Motilal Nehru, one of the
most prominent lawyers in northern India and the father of
political leader Jawaharlal Nehru and Chitta Ranjan das
a nationalist politician from Bengal. The party’s name is taken from
the term Swaraj meaning “self-rule”
which was broadly applied to the movement to gain independence from
British rule.
Simon
Commission (1927):-The Indian statutory commission, commonly referred to
as the Simon commission, was a group of seven British members of parliament
under the chairmanship of Sir John Allsebrook
Simon. The commission arrived in British India in 1927 to study
constitutional reforms in Britain’s most important colonial dependency. One of its members
was clement Attlee, who became committed to Indian independency by 1934
and achieved that goal as prime minister in the granting of independence of
India and Pakistan.
Dandi
March (1930):-Mahatma Gandhi was authorized by the congress working
committee to determine the time, place and issue on which the civil
disobedience was to be launched. He took the decision to break the salt
law first, on which the British has imposed a duty, affecting the poorest of
the poor. He started Journey from his Ashram at Sabarmati.
Gandhi-Irwin
Pact (1931):-This
pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and the viceroy of India, lord Irvin on
3th march 1931.
Features
of this act following:-
1. The congress would participate in the round
table conference.
2. The
congress would discontinue the civil disobedience movement.
3. The
government would withdraw all ordinance issued to curb the congress.
4. The
government would withdraw all prosecutions relating to offenses other than
violent one. The government would release all persons undergoing sentences of
imprisonment for their activities in the civil disobedience movement.
The
Government of India act (1935): - The government of India act 1935 was passed by
British parliament in august 1935, with 321 sections and 10th
schedules. This was the longest act passed by British parliament so far
and was later split in to two parts viz. government of India act 1935 and
government of Burma act 1935.
The
government of India act,1935 derived material from four key source viz. report of the Simon
commission, discussion at the third-round table conference, the white paper of
1933 and the reports of the joint select committees. This act ended the
system of diarchy for establishment of a federation of India.
Quit India Movement
(1942): - The quit India movement, or the India August Movement,
was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All-India congress
committee by Mahatma Gandhi on
8 august 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British rule of India.
This was launched against the failure of the Cripps Mission.
Cabinet
Mission Plan (1946): - The United Kingdom cabinet mission came to India aimed
to discuss the transfer of power from the British government to the Indian
leadership, with the aim of preserving India’s unity and granting it
independence. Formulated at the initiative of Clement Attlee, the
prime minister of the United Kingdom, the mission had Lord Pethick- Lawrence,
the secretary of state for India, sir Stafford Cripps, president of the board
of trade, and A.V alexander, the first lord of the admiralty. Lord Wavell, the
viceroy of India, did not participate in every step but was present.
Interim
Government (1946):- The Viceroy’s Executive Council became the executive
branch of the interim government. Originally headed by
the viceroy of India, it was transformed in to a council of ministers.
The powers of a prime minister bestowed on the vice-president of the council, a
position held by the congress
leader Jawaharlal Nehru.
Formation
of Constituent Assembly (1946):- “On 9th December 1946, the first meeting of the
constituent assembly was held in the constitutional hall (now the central hall
of parliament house). Demanding a separate state, the Muslim league
boycotted the meeting. Sachchidananda Sinha was elected
temporary president of the assembly, in accordance with French practice.”
Mountbatten
Plan (1947): - Mountbatten plan was also known The Indian Independent
Act in which the parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned
British India into the two new
independent dominions of India and Pakistan. The act received the royal
assent on 18 July 1947, and Pakistan came into being on 14 august and India
came into being on 15th august.
Partition
of India (1947): - The partition of India was the division of
British India in 1947, which accompanied the creation of two
independent dominions, India and Pakistan.
The dominion of India is today the republic of India and the dominion of
Pakistan is today the Islamic republic of Pakistan.
Download pdf file
Download pdf file
